1. Manuscripts submitted to this journal must align with its Focus and Scope and adhere to Author Guidelines. They should present scientific merit or novelty relevant to the journal’s scope and be written in high-quality English. Authors whose first language is not English are advised to have their manuscripts reviewed for grammar and clarity before submission, with services available from International Science Editing and Asia Science Editing.

2. Submitted works must be original and not under consideration elsewhere, and free from plagiarism. Authors are encouraged to use plagiarism detection software like Turnitin or iThenticate.

3. The final decision on acceptance is made by the Editor-in-Chief or a Regional (Handling) Editor, sometimes with input from the Editorial Board, based on the reviewers' comments. The publication process, including assignment to issues, is managed by the Editor-in-Chief, considering the acceptance date, author distribution, and thematic relevance.

4. Manuscripts that meet the journal’s formal requirements are sent to reviewers, while those that do not are returned to the authors. Decisions on publication, revisions, or rejection are based on the reviewers' recommendations. If necessary, a third reviewer may be consulted. The final publication decision is determined by the Editor-in-Chief, reflecting the reviewers' advice and editorial board discussions.